The Federation Strikes Back: A Survey of Federated Learning Privacy Attacks, Defenses, Applications, and Policy Landscape

Authors: Joshua Zhao, Saurabh Bagchi, Salman Avestimehr, Kevin Chan, Somali Chaterji, Dimitris Dimitriadis, Jiacheng Li, Ninghui Li, Arash Nourian, Holger Roth

Published: 2025-03-21

DOI: 10.1145/3724113

Source: Full article


Abstract

Deep learning has shown incredible potential across a wide array of tasks, and accompanied by this growth has been an insatiable appetite for data. However, a large amount of data needed for enabling deep learning is stored on personal devices, and recent concerns on privacy have further highlighted challenges for accessing such data. As a result, federated learning (FL) has emerged as an important privacy-preserving technology that enables collaborative training of machine learning models without the need to send the raw, potentially sensitive, data to a central server. However, the fundamental premise that sending model updates to a server is privacy-preserving only holds if the updates cannot be “reverse engineered” to infer information about the private training data. It has been shown under a wide variety of settings that this privacy premise does