Direct‐ink‐writing of all‐solid‐state batteries with solvent‐free, non‐flammable electrolytes toward wearable electronics

Authors: Sumin Oh, Junho Bae, Yumin Heo, Hyeji Park, Seyun Chang, Jongwoo Lim, Seungjun Chung

Published: 2025-05-29

Abstract

AbstractAs demand for customized wearable electronics grows, free‐form Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) are attracting significant attention. Although substantial advancements have been made in printed LIBs for shape‐versatile electronics, the development of printable solid‐state electrolytes remains challenging due to the difficulty of simultaneously achieving desirable rheological properties and ionic conductivity. In this study, a solvent‐free, non‐flammable solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) is designed as a novel three‐dimensional (3D) printable electrolyte via direct ink writing (DIW) for all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs). The solvent‐free nature of this SPE eliminates post‐annealing steps, enhancing safety by mitigating risks of leakage, short‐circuiting, and fire. Additionally, precise control over polymer molecular weight and electrolyte composition enables high printing resolution (~100 μm), high ionic conductivity (0.705 mS cm−1 at 25°C), and intrinsic non‐flammability. A 3D‐printed ASSB, featuring a LiFePO4 cathode and Li4Ti5O12 anode with a mass loading of 7 mg cm−2, achieves a high areal capacity of 1.14 mAh cm−2, surpassing all previously reported directly printed ASSBs. This SPE facilitates scalable production of fully DIW‐printed ASSBs with superior design flexibility and space efficiency, enabling printing onto customized targets such as flexible substrates and advancing the development of next‐generation wearable electronics.image